SOURCES

Stockouts (chapters 2 to 4)

• Eric T. Anderson, Gavan J. Fitzsimons and Duncan Simester. “Measuring and Mitigating the Costs of Stockouts.” Management Science 52(11), 2006, 1751–1763. Full text.
• Xiaoqing Jing and Michael Lewis. “Stockouts in Online Retailing.” Journal of Marketing Research 48(2), 2011, 342–354.
• Daniel Corsten and Thomas Gruen. “Stock-Outs Cause Walkouts.” Harvard Business Review, May 2004. Thomas W. Gruen and Daniel Corsten, A Comprehensive Guide to Retail Out-of-Stock Reduction in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Industry, GMA, FMI and NACDS, 2007.
• Haim Mendelson. “Dell Direct.” Stanford Graduate School of Business case EC-17, November 2000.
• Federal Trade Commission. Business Guide to the FTC’s Mail, Internet, or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule (16 CFR Part 435), September 2011, with a January 2025 update to penalty amounts.

Inventory and overstock (chapters 5, 6)

• Joan Magretta. “The Power of Virtual Integration: An Interview with Dell Computer’s Michael Dell.” Harvard Business Review, March–April 1998.
• Michael Dell with Catherine Fredman. Direct from Dell: Strategies That Revolutionized an Industry. HarperBusiness, 1999.

Discontinuation and reformulation (chapters 7 to 9)

• The Coca-Cola Company. “New Coke: The Most Memorable Marketing Blunder Ever?” Company history, read September 2026.
• CBS News. “30 years ago today, Coca-Cola made its worst mistake.” April 23, 2015.
• History.com. “Why Coca-Cola’s ‘New Coke’ Flopped.” Read September 2026.
• Mark Pendergrast. For God, Country and Coca-Cola, 2nd ed., Basic Books, 2004, on testers angry at a change, as cited in Wikipedia’s New Coke article. Frederick Allen, Secret Formula, HarperBusiness, 1994.
• Peter Boatwright and Joseph C. Nunes. “Reducing Assortment: An Attribute-Based Approach.” Journal of Marketing 65(3), 2001, 50–63.
• Laurens M. Sloot, Dennis Fok and Peter C. Verhoef. “The Short- and Long-Term Impact of an Assortment Reduction on Category Sales.” Journal of Marketing Research 43(4), 2006, 536–548.

Pruning and choice (chapters 10 to 12)

• Sharad Borle, Peter Boatwright, Joseph B. Kadane, Joseph C. Nunes and Galit Shmueli. “The Effect of Product Assortment Changes on Customer Retention.” Marketing Science 24(4), 2005, 616–622.
• Susan M. Broniarczyk, Wayne D. Hoyer and Leigh McAlister. “Consumers’ Perceptions of the Assortment Offered in a Grocery Category: The Impact of Item Reduction.” Journal of Marketing Research 35(2), 1998, 166–176.
• Sheena S. Iyengar and Mark R. Lepper. “When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(6), 2000, 995–1006.
• Benjamin Scheibehenne, Rainer Greifeneder and Peter M. Todd. “Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload.” Journal of Consumer Research 37(3), 2010, 409–425.
• Alexander Chernev, Ulf Böckenholt and Joseph Goodman. “Choice overload: A conceptual review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 25(2), 2015, 333–358.
• Apple Computer, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 25, 1998, filed December 23, 1998. Leander Kahney, Inside Steve’s Brain, Portfolio, 2008.